PAE Professional Academic English
Week 06 · Into the writing

Know the kind.
Sharpen the claim.

The four kinds of essay, and how to develop a one-line claim into the spine of everything you'll write.

Matthew Clement · Careercomms.comClass 1, Essay types  ·  Class 2, Developing the thesis
PAE Professional Academic EnglishWeek 06 · Where we left off
Recap · Week 05

Last week, in brief.

  • Presentation 1 delivered, a proposal, not final answers.
  • Write for a general academic audience; define the term they'd stumble on.
  • A topic names a thing; an objective asks a question.
Carried in

Your Presentation 1 self-reflection and a one-sentence objective.

Today

The writing unit begins, essay types, and turning that objective into a thesis.

PAE Professional Academic EnglishWeek 06 · Agenda

This week.

Class 1 · Essay types
  • Analytical, expository, argumentative, commentary
  • Reading the prompt's verb
  • What shape each thesis takes
Class 2 · Thesis development
  • From objective to working thesis
  • The revision ladder
  • Turning a thesis into an outline
Reading

Workbook Ch 1 & 7, essay types (p. 9) and thesis statements (pp. 29 to 33). This week sets up the paragraph and the essay.

Class 1 · Chapter 1

Four kinds
of essay.

The prompt's verb tells you which one you're writing, and the kind decides what shape your thesis must take.

Workbook · Chapter 01Page 09
PAE Professional Academic EnglishTypes 1 & 2

Break it down · lay it out.

assess · evaluate · analyse

Analytical

Break a thing into parts and judge how they work. The thesis states the conclusion of your analysis.

“K-pop's global reach rests less on music than on a fan-labour model the industry engineers.”
compare · explain · trace

Expository

Explain how or why something is as it is. The thesis names the differences or causes you'll develop.

“Korea and Japan diverged on nuclear power after Fukushima for three structural reasons.”
PAE Professional Academic EnglishTypes 3 & 4

Take a side · weigh in.

argue · defend · propose

Argumentative

Stake a contestable claim and defend it against the obvious objection. The thesis previews your supporting points.

“Korea should fast-track offshore wind permitting, even at the cost of some local consultation.”
discuss · comment on · respond

Commentary ← yours

Take a defensible position and develop it mostly through your own analysis. This is the essay you'll write.

“The death penalty cannot be defended as a deterrent in the Korean context.”
PAE Professional Academic EnglishDiagnosing a prompt

The verb is the instruction.

If the prompt says…It's…Your thesis must…
assess, evaluate, analyseAnalyticalstate the conclusion of the analysis.
compare, explain, traceExpositoryname the causes or differences.
argue, defend, proposeArgumentativestake a claim and preview support.
discuss, comment, respondCommentarytake a position; signal judgement.
Talk it out
  • Your essay is a commentary. What's the one objection a fair reader would raise, and where will you answer it?
Class 2 · Chapter 7

A thesis is
revised, not found.

Your first attempt is a draft. The good version comes from pushing the weak one through three or four honest revisions.

Workbook · Chapter 07Pages 29 to 33
PAE Professional Academic EnglishFrom objective to claim

Your Week-5 objective becomes a claim.

Objective · a question

“Determine whether Coupang's logistics or its pricing reset Korean consumer expectations.”

Thesis · an answer

“Coupang reset Korean retail through last-mile logistics density, not price, and rivals copying its prices keep missing why.”

An objective opens a question. A thesis commits to an answer you can defend.

PAE Professional Academic EnglishThe revision ladder

One claim, climbing.

Weak
“Social media affects teenagers.”
Better
“Social media affects Korean teenagers' mental health.”
Strong
“For Korean teenagers, it is the design of engagement-maximising feeds, not screen time itself, that drives anxiety, which is why time-limit policies miss the target.”
Talk about it · 5 minutes

Say your working thesis aloud. Which rung of the ladder is it standing on?

  •   What makes it weak, better, or strong right now?
  •   What's the one word you could add to climb a rung?
  •   Could your partner disagree with it? If not, it's still a fact.
PAE Professional Academic EnglishFour ways a thesis fails

Diagnose before you revise.

Too broad

“Technology has changed society.” True of everything; arguable of nothing.

Just a fact

“Korea hosted the 1988 Olympics.” Nothing to defend.

Too vague

“K-pop is important for many reasons.” Which reasons? Important how?

A list, not a claim

“This essay covers A, B and C.” A table of contents, not an argument.

Why one sentence carries so much

A strong thesis previews the whole essay.

“…through logistics density, not price” tells the reader your body has at least two paragraphs: one proving logistics, one ruling out price. The claim is the outline.

PAE Professional Academic EnglishBuilding the spine

From claim to outline.

  1. Underline the load-bearing words in your thesis, each becomes a paragraph.
  2. Order them so each paragraph sets up the next.
  3. Name the evidence each will need, from your annotated bibliography.
  4. Add the counter-argument you'll answer (we build this in Week 9).
PAE Professional Academic EnglishIn class · Exercise
EX. 07.4

Name the fault, then fix it

Diagnose · 8 min

For each, name the problem (broad / fact / vague / list) and rewrite it as a defensible claim.

  1. “Artificial intelligence is changing many industries.”
  2. “This essay will discuss the causes and effects of urban migration.”
  3. “Seoul has a large population.”
Pair check

Trade rewrites. Can your partner disagree with each one? If not, it hasn't climbed far enough.

PAE Professional Academic EnglishIn class · Your essay
ACTIVITY 6.1

Your thesis & its spine

Solo, then pairs · 14 min

Take your Week-5 objective and develop the working thesis for your essay.

  1. Write the thesis, then climb it one rung on the ladder.
  2. Underline the load-bearing words, list the paragraphs they imply.
  3. Name one source from your bibliography for each paragraph.
Keep it

This outline is the skeleton of your Week-8 paragraph and your Week-11 essay. Save it in your Writing Journal.

PAE Professional Academic EnglishBefore next week

Homework & what's next.

Do this week
  • Finalise your working thesis
  • Draft the paragraph spine (3 to 4 points)
  • Read Workbook Ch 8 on paragraphs
Next week · Week 7

Paragraphs that prove. Topic sentences, the LEAF model, and paraphrasing, building the unit your essay is made of.

PAE Professional Academic EnglishWeek 06 · Recap

Today in one slide.

  • The verb names the essay type
  • You're writing commentary, position plus analysis
  • An objective asks; a thesis answers
  • Revise the thesis up the ladder
  • Avoid broad, factual, vague, and list theses
  • The claim's key words are your outline

One claim,
held well.

Week 06 · Next, Paragraphs, Topic Sentences & Paraphrasing